History of Saccos in Kenya

History of Saccos in Kenya A Savings and Credit Cooperative is a sort of helpful whose goal is to pool reserve funds for the individuals and thus give them credit offices (UN-HABITAT, 2010). The general target of SACCOs is to advance the monetary interests and general government assistance of its individuals. The ICA Statement on the Co-employable Identity characterizes a helpful as a self-sufficient relationship of people joined willfully to meet their normal financial, social, and social needs and yearnings through a together claimed and fairly controlled venture. Co-agents depend on the estimations of self improvement, self-obligation, majority rules system, balance, value and solidarity. Co-usable individuals have faith in the moral estimations of genuineness, transparency, social duty, and thinking about others (Bibby Shaw, 2005). The 1995 ICA Congress additionally reformulated seven standards of co-agents. In synopsis, they are: Deliberate and open enrollment Popularity based part control Part financial cooperation Self-rule and autonomy Instruction, preparing and data Co-activity among co-agents Worry for the network Various SACCOs give various items which incorporate yet are not restricted to credit administrations, store and reserve funds office, check clearing, brokers checks, standing requests, safe authority, and pay progresses. History of SACCOs The pioneers of present day participation developed in common laborers conditions in European Industrial urban areas of the nineteenth Century. In the 1840s,the first to industrialize nations (Great Britain and France),pioneers of co-employable designed models of the customer helpful and the work agreeable to protect and advance the interests of regular workers families even with the social calamities brought about by modern upheaval. The second era of the pioneers of present day collaboration developed, in certain European provincial conditions in the late nineteenth century. During the 1860s, these pioneers made the models of horticultural cooperatives and investment funds and credit cooperatives propelled by the accomplishment of the shopper cooperatives equation in Great Britain and dependent on old conventions of provincial solidarity meant to meet the essential financial needs, which went unsatisfied. Horticultural cooperatives at that point empowered groups of ranchers and domesticated animals raisers to compose their own gracefully frameworks of farming data sources and market their items and no longer relied upon dealers and agents in the urban areas. The SACCOs helped them to quit contingent upon moneylenders and to discover the credit important to modernize their agrarian cooperatives (Mwakajumilo, 2011) . SACCOs in Africa In Africa, the thought was brought by a Roman Catholic cleric, in Jirapa, a town in Ghana, in 1955. Father John McNulty from Ireland had concentrated in Canada where he found out about reserve funds and credit co-employable social orders. Father McNulty assisted the Jirapa townspeople with forming a Savings and Credit Co-usable. The co-usable helped the individuals to address their budgetary issues which they couldnt exclusively. Father McNulty prepared around 60 individuals, who were the primary fruitful investment funds and credit co-usable pioneers on the African mainland. The achievement of Jirapa investment funds and credit co-usable spread all through Ghana and by 1968, the reserve funds and credit co-agents all through the nation met up to shape the Credit Union of Ghana , which was set up to advance, compose, administration and co-ordinate the exercises of reserve funds and credit co-usable in Ghana. (Alila Obado, 1990). As per the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 2011 measurable report, there are 51,013 credit associations on the planet, having a sum of 196,498,738 individuals and a complete entrance of 7.8% Penetration rate which is determined by isolating the all out number of detailed credit patrons by the monetarily dynamic populace age 15-64 years of age (World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) , 2012). The biggest markets in Africa by number of individuals as of December 31st 2011 are Kenya (4,183,220), Senegal (2,231,117), Ivory Coast (1,705,712), and Benin (1,597,233) (WOCCU, 2012). History of SACCOs in Kenya SACCOs in Kenya are at present among the main wellsprings of the co-employable credit for financial turn of events (Alila Obado, 1990).Cooperatives in Kenya were begun in 1908 and enrollment was constrained to white pioneer pilgrims. The main helpful was built up at Lumbwa, present day Kipkelion territory. In 1944 frontier officials permitted Africans to shape and join cooperatives (Gamba Komo, 2012). The underlying endeavor to empower African cultivating co-agents was started by the need to execute the suggestions of the Swynnerton Plan of 1953. The Swynnerton Plan was defined to improve African cultivating, explicitly the developing of money crops and is recorded to have supported the advancement and development of African cooperatives (Alila Obado, 1990). It was now that the proposal that an enlistment center of cooperatives be delegated was made. In 1945, another Cooperative Societies Ordinance was sanctioned which permitted African investment in the helpful development. In 1946, a branch of cooperatives was set up and a recorder of cooperatives named. By 1950 most frontier government workers started to help and support the advancement of cooperatives and by 1952, around 160 cooperatives had been enrolled (Alila Obado, 1990). The post-autonomy period saw the fast increment the in number of maker associations and combination of the ones that previously existed. As of now, the administration considered the to be development as a methods for African communism, and fortifying basic ties between the individuals from various areas of Kenya. In 1963 there were around 1000 cooperatives, which quickly developed in number from that point forward. Today, the co-agents are a fundamental piece of the Government monetary technique planned for making salary creating openings especially in the country zones. The co-usable development has been perceived by the Government as an essential foundation for the activation of human and material assets for different advancement progress especially in the provincial zones where most of individuals live, acquiring their job basically from farming. The co-employable development currently contributes well more than 45 percent of Kenyas GDP and it is assessed that in any event one out of each two Kenyans straightforwardly or by implication determines his/her occupation from the co-usable development. Throughout the years, the co-employable development remained prevalently horticulturally situated. Be that as it may, in the ongoing past, the co-usable development has encountered huge expansion in exercises and interests quite reserve funds and credit. Other non-agro-based co-agents have additionally developed and wandered into regions, for example, lodging; Jua-Kali, building and development, painstaking work, transport, little scope ventures, and so on. (Alila Obado, 1990). SACCOs are one of the main wellsprings of country fund and in numerous provincial zones the neighborhood SACCO is the main supplier of budgetary administrations. While the specific number of SACCOs working in Kenya isn't known, gauges extend from just about 4,000 up to 5,000 (Financial Sector Deepening (FSD), 2010). Realm SACCO Limited Realm SACCO Society Limited was begun by the Life Reformation Center in 1999 with the point of improving the monetary occupation of its individuals. It was enlisted in 21st January, 2000 under the Cooperative Societies Act No.12 of 1997, and it is administered by the SACCO Societies Act of 2008 and its by-laws. The development of the SACCO has been high since origin a reality credited to great administration and authority, staff responsibility and successful support by individuals (Kingdom Sacco Limited, 2011) . Figure Membership Growth Analysis. Source: www.kingdomsacco.com Vision To be a model SACCO, engaging the network financially and socially. Crucial To advance an investment funds culture, and give reasonable credit by offering supportable budgetary answers for improve the monetary government assistance of our individuals and partners. Witticism Pamoja Twaimarika Guiding principle Respectability Having been established by individuals with a congregation based foundation, it was concurred that Integrity is one of the most characterizing qualities that the initiative and enrollment of Kingdom SACCO up hold. Responsibility The SACCO endeavors to complete every one of its dealings in an open way that is pleasant to individuals and co-employable qualities. Proactive The SACCO targets meeting the all individuals needs by guaranteeing that it is affecting important and wanted change to its tasks and items as every now and again varying. Cooperation The SACCO Leadership, the executives and individuals see the SACCO as a nuclear family and as such consistently target cooperating as a group. Correspondence All individuals are dealt with similarly with no preference and segregation Items Offered by Kingdom SACCO Credit Facilities Business Loan Improvement Loan Crisis Loan School Fees Loan Supa Loan Overdraft Loan Jijenge Loan Rembesha Maisha Loan FOSA Accounts Junior Mustard Account Imara Account Lords Savings Account KSA Corporate Account Lords Fixed Account Different Services Check Clearing Safe Custody Brokers Checks Standing Orders Pay Advance Night Stop Services Issue Statement SACCOs give a wide scope of items, offer advances that are less expensive than banks, give higher enthusiasm on investment funds and as indicated by an examination by FinAccess, a noteworthy level of the Kenyan populace is unbanked (FinAccess, 2009). This ongoing investigation by the Financial Sector Deepening Trust (FSDT) uncovered that banks serve 14.2 percent, SACCOs 13.1 percent and MFIs 1.7 percent of the populace separately. This is a major open door for SACCOs given that there is an undiscovered market. Since SACCOs don't raise value from outside sources, theirstrength lies in numbers for example the more the individuals, the better

BT Financial Group Major Threats and Opportunities for Increasing Wealth in Australia

Openings BT Financial Group is one of the biggest speculation organizations spend significant time in the riches the executives. Being the piece of the Westpac Group, the organization looks to present the creation and portion of venture, retirement items, and superannuation (Our History, n. d.). Protection activities likewise include dispersion of advances, stores, and home loan among the population.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on BT Financial Group: Major Threats and Opportunities for Increasing Wealth in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the way that the BT Financial Group endeavors to propel expectations for everyday comforts of matured individuals just as increment the general abundance of the populace, it presents as number of significant measures and openings that can be executed. To be progressively precise, the organization should build proficient counsel, upgrade and advance speculation, advance the protection plots a s an ever increasing number of individuals intend to purchase houses, present higher paces of venture items, and, at last, add to expansion of edge credits among the populace. So as to address the issues of more seasoned ages, the BT Financial Groups ought to connect more assets and methodologies. The significant accentuation ought to be made on an expense for-administration game plan for counsel acquainted with clients in the circle of speculations and benefits, wiping out any potential clashes while setting up a venture portfolio. Likewise, the organization additionally executes changes to the circle of expert gauges to improve the enlistment prerequisites and control explicit systems for estimating the conveyance of exhortation, where the significant spotlight is made on meeting advanced item and administration needs of customers (BT Financial Group, n. d.). Edge loaning is one of the main activities upgraded by the company’s aim to ensure and improve abundance of the Aust ralian populace (James, 2007, n. p.). In entire, this activity gives more noteworthy chances to the company’s improvement since it makes a more grounded stage for meeting the customers’ needs and requests. Close to better norms of exhorting strategies, the development draws near, especially the recently settled IT structures, will add to more noteworthy efficiency and execution of BT Financial Group (Fan, 2011, n. p.).Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, the presentation IT capacity development framework can start the organization into another key level for making included worth and for centering the most hazardous zones of the creation procedure. The chance to expand efficiency has showed up due to customers’ developing requests whose solicitation can be better controlled and worked with the presentation of the above introduced system. Dan gers For doing certain tasks and exercises, BT Financial Groups faces certain difficulties and dangers among which are quickly maturing ages, troubles in information administrations, customers’ security, decrease in populace development, and presenting advancements. For executing the current chances, high caliber and expert guidance gave by BT Company is fundamental for confronting the issue of maturing age, which is the significant danger to expanding riches in Australia. In spite of the way that Australia is viewed as one of the most evolved economies, it is as yet encountering emotional maturing of its populace (McCrindle, 2007, p. 5). Henceforth, the normal age of the Australians is around 37 years contrasted with 28 years in 1976. On the off chance that the middle age expands, it can have noteworthy effect on society. Protection is another foundation of the company’s exercises that should be thought of and improved. The plenitude of flood guarantees with respect t o the BT’s customers has been a significant danger to the directors, yet the issue has been effectively defeated as the supervisors gave new component to taking care of and controlling incomes and profit in spite of the protection payout increment (Woodington, 2011). All the more critically, rise flood claims have furnished the organization with a significantly more good ground for reinforcing its positions. Because of the advancement of private ventures in Australia, BT Financial Group has gotten progressively worried about loaning and getting being the significant hotspots for doing independent company exchanges (BT Financial Group, 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on BT Financial Group: Major Threats and Opportunities for Increasing Wealth in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the Australian business scene will in general be overpowered with new open doors for little scope ventures. Recorded point of view examinat ion likewise demonstrates that Australia is viewed as the nation where the overwhelming spot is given to private companies (Landstrom, 2009, p. 115). Drawing in more clients is another test that should be defeated to expand the customer base rate (Woodington, 2011). Especially accentuation ought to be made on addressing client needs and making more qualities for client by means of the outer promoting process. Path Forward with respect to the chances and dangers diagrams over, the organization ought to respond in the accompanying way. To start with, all together guarantee the quality guidelines and counsel effectiveness, the organization likewise applies to a client driven methodology for acquainting advancements with speculation and superannuation exercises (BT Financial Group, n. d.). Indeed, this client situated culture adds to making a great ground for infiltrating to all offices and areas of the organization and improving the information the board (Deschamps, 2008, p. 84). Secon d, BT approach additionally includes the counselors toward the start of the innovative work procedure to guarantee that a key venture is compatible with the company’s needs. For guaranteeing the quality norms and guidance proficiency, the organization likewise applies to a client driven methodology for acquainting advancements with speculation and superannuation exercises (BT Financial Group, n. d.). Actually, this client arranged culture adds to making a good ground for entering to all offices and areas of the organization and upgrading the information the executives (Deschamps, 2008, p. 84). All the more critically, BT approach likewise includes the counsels toward the start of the innovative work procedure to guarantee that a key speculation is consistent with the company’s needs. Reference List BT Financial Group (2011). Discount and Retail Clients. BT Financial Group Submission. Web.Advertising Searching for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More BT Financial Group. Yearly Review and Sustainability Report. Web. Deschamps, J. P. (2008). Advancement Leaders: How Senior Executives Stimulate, Steer, and Sustain Innovation. US: John Wiley and Sons. Foo, F. (2011). IT Framework Helps BT Tap Business Value. Australian IT. Web. James, A. (2007). BT Financial Group Streamlines Information Gathering and Saves A $ 540,000 Per Years. LivePoint. Web. Landstrom, H. (2009). Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research. US: Springer. McCrindle, M. (2007). New Generation at Work: Attracting, Recruiting, Retaining and Training Generation Y. US: The ABC of XYZ. OECD Publishing (2010). OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2010. Australia: OECD Publishing. Our History. BT. Web. Wooddington, M. (2011). BT Earnings Up Despite Floods. Budgetary Standard. Web. This report on BT Financial Group: Major Threats and Opportunities for Increasing Wealth in Australia was composed and presented by client Curt Conners to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Extended Essay Writing Suggestions and Tricks

Extended Essay Writing Suggestions and Tricks How to write extended essay assignments and earn good grades? First, you need to know that any extended essay is a type of academic writing, which success is based completely on its structure. In addition to choosing a topic, finalizing a question, and researching, it’s important to decide on the best structure because this assignment is long. Looking through available examples is a very effective way to succeed. Don’t forget to break down your content into different subtopics to make it simpler for readers to follow the logical flow of your ideas. How to write extended essay To start with, you need to learn the right definition of this academic assignment. Any extended essay is a piece of writing that represents your independent research within 4000 words. It’s an important part of the IB (International Baccalaureate) Diploma Program. This means that students won’t get their Bachelor degree if they fail to successfully write this paper on a narrow subject. However, it’s more than just a lengthy academic assignment because extended essays imply: A great chance to research a certain problem; Practical preparation for undergraduate studies. Read and consider official guidelines because they mean a lot for your final grade. Take the following things into account when writing your extended essay: It must have a few basic parts, including its title page, abstract, contents page, body, introduction, conclusion, bibliography page, appendices; Read specific guidelines for the chosen subject because rules may vary; The introduction should contain a research question, which isn’t a statement; The body should develop your research clearly, so be sure to use citations in the right format; Concluding and introductory paragraphs should be clear and contain no repetitions. Outlining/planning Outlining or planning is important for your understanding of how to write extended essay assignments. The basic outlining purpose is to help you develop strong arguments and pursue a research question. Your outline should describe the chosen topic and explain the sources you use when building both arguments and counterarguments. What do you need to do in your outline? State a research question; Describe the significance of your topic; Outline your plan of developing arguments; Choose your favorite answer to a research question; Briefly describe the steps that will be taken to build your major argument; Write an annotated bibliography. Remember that your outline is an important plan because it provides the right foundation for your future paper. You may decide that you need changes in your initial plan or arguments when doing your further research. Topic choice Choose the topic that you like and ensure that it’s related to your surroundings. It should be narrow or limited to the scope that you can effectively examine in depth. Your topic should provide you with a great opportunity to collect enough information and data for a further evaluation or analysis. Don’t choose broad subjects because they won’t help you write a successful extended essay. Besides, any topic that requires a descriptive approach without any personal research isn’t suitable for this type of writing. It shouldn’t simply provide a summary of secondary sources because you won’t earn high marks. Finalizing a question Having a question to start with is the only effective way to work out if it’s good enough. That’s why you need to formulate a topic into a research question at the very beginning. It must be precise and clear. What is it all about? It’s easy to forget your original point after doing in-depth research and writing a well-worded question. Sometimes, information and research may take you far away from original intentions. Take a step back to determine if you really want to write about it. Ensure that your research question is really interesting and presents some possibilities that intrigue you. It also needs to be specific enough and define its own limits. Choose the variables that you leave open because there’s no point if wasting time on worthless endeavors. Make sure that your research question doesn’t leave your extended essay unfocused. Besides, you should be able to answer it, so ensure that each idea that you include in your draft links back to your question. Every paragraph that you write should dig a bit deeper into it. All the ideas, materials, and data that you use when writing an extended paper should answer your research question. How to write extended essay outline How should the outline of your extended essay look like? Students use a few different approaches to plan this paper. Choose the one that you like the most. Start with preparing a brief summary of each paragraph and write a single line about it. Extend the abstract of each section by including a few bullet points. Use supporting evidence, such as stats, facts, and in-text citations, taken from reliable sources. Explain how each proof illustrates your main point. Make your outline more large-scale by using extra suggestions and opinions that are related to a general point. Another outlining method makes it possible to compare sections and divide each paragraph into clear parts. It’s very useful if you want to modify headings or rearrange their order without rewriting anything. Use different tools to categorize relevant sections and tailor them accordingly. How to write extended essay introduction What do you need to know to write the best introduction? It should explain what targeted readers can expect from other paragraphs of your extended essay while making clear the main goal of your writing, insight into your major argument, and scope of your study (reliable sources that you will use). You need to have a sense of the main focus and direction. It’s advisable to write an introductory paragraph after finishing the rest of your extended essay. Its body must contain a research analysis, discussion, and assessment. Don’t forget to make a strong statement in the introduction. How to write extended essay conclusion The conclusion of your extended essay should cover the things that your research achieved, including unanswered questions and notes of any restrictions. One effective way is to come up with your outcomes based on the results of your study, but it’s necessary to get a final summarizing conclusion. This section should be clear and relevant to your research question. Ensure that it’s consistent with your thesis, while its development and explanation are presented in your essay. A concluding paragraph is something more than just a summary because it requires you to review how convincingly your thesis is supported and your research question is answered. Restate your major points and discuss a broader implication of your thesis or new issues that your research brings. How to write extended essay reflection Any reflection is always a continual process. When constantly considering the decisions you make in the process of writing your extended essay, you should be prepared to avoid common pitfalls involves in independent researching. Reflection help you plan everything and allow you to monitor the entire progress. Students are encouraged to reflect throughout their research process, not only in the end. When working on your extended essay, you’ll meet your supervisor a few times. Some of these sessions are devoted to reflections, and you will need to submit them on the writing and research process. Ask yourself different questions because it’s an effective way to help you with reflections. The answers you give will help you identify existing problems and find effective ways to solve them. How to write extended essay abstract The main purpose of your abstract is to guide the audience. It concisely reviews or highlights all the major ideas covered in your essay in addition to its scope of writing and content. It’s a very useful tool for writers to understand whether they have a clear grasp of arguments and thesis statements. If you can state them clearly in a few sentences to let other people who aren’t familiar with the subject to understand your key idea, you have a good grasp of the ideas you want to express. Your abstract should say everything important in a way that provides readers with a clear idea of the content of your extended essay. What are its basic qualities? It should: Use the right structure to present your extended essay; Provide transitions or logical connections between information; Follow your chosen chronology; Add no new facts; Summarize and use passive verbs to emphasize data; Be understandable to people; Unify well-developed paragraphs to make them concise, coherent, and able to stand out. To write an effective abstract for your extended essay, reread it with the goal of abstracting in your mind. Look for its main parts and write a rough draft without looking back. Don’t try just to copy important sentences because you’ll end up putting too little or too much information. Sum up information in some new way. If you find it hard to write an abstract or have problems with other writing stages, you can always count on online professional writing services because they’re available around the clock.

Should Abortion Be Legal - 863 Words

Imagine a woman was raped and later became pregnant. Shouldn t she have the right to abort the child or should she be forced to deliver? Put yourself in her shoes. Can you imagine the pain she might feel every time she looks at the child? Should she be forced to endure this? Women should be allowed to have abortions under circumstances such as these. Abortion has been a topic of debate for centuries if not longer. Abortion occurs when a fetus is removed from a woman s body before the fetus is able to fully develop. Before the 1800s, not many laws existed concerning abortion. It was not until 1973 that the Supreme Court listened to a case concerning abortion. In 1973, the Supreme Court struck down all state laws that had ruled abortion illegal in Roe versus Wade. However, many still argue that abortion should be illegal. Abortion should be legal and an option available to expecting mothers due to issues such as rape, life or death situations in mothers, and teen pregnancy. In every situation, there are exceptions. Rape should be one exception as to why abortion should be legal. It is estimated that between 1 and 2 percent of pregnancies are an result of rape and/or incest. While this number may seem like such a small percentage, this means that about 1 and every 6 pregnancies is a result of a woman that was raped. Should a woman who experienced such a tragic event be required to keep a child that serves as such a reminder. In my opinion, no. One of the mostShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has life; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. 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There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices for

How to Start an Outstanding Essay Introduction and Conclusion

How to Start an Outstanding Essay

American experience Free Essays

The ancient Greeks were the first to introduce philosophical thought to mankind. When one thinks of Greek philosophy, three individuals come into mind – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in this order. Plato was Socrates’ protege and Aristotle that of Plato. We will write a custom essay sample on American experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now These men not only enlightened men with their brilliance but also helped provide moral guidance to society for this was the role of philosophers whose wisdom was valued and sought for from the lowliest citizen to that of kings. This was all but forgotten during the time of the Romans and the Middle Ages. The Renaissance saw the return of classical Greco-Roman culture in most respects but it fell short when it came to philosophical thought especially in the purview of politics. It was here that a new political thought emerged courtesy of Niccolo Machiavelli. Through his work, The Prince, Machiavelli did not only provide a theoretical framework for his patron, but would also be employed by future leaders who found his ideas not only practical, but very useful in helping them achieve their goals. The Renaissance period was the result of the Humanist movement that emerged during the waning years of the Middle Ages. Prior to this, secular political philosophy was already existing during the Holy Roman Empire but the extent of its influence was rather limited because the academic field was wholly influenced by Christian scholasticism. The Humanist movement picked up momentum as it brought back classical ideas to supplant scholasticism. Those who held on to Christian values saw the Renaissance as the â€Å"return to paganism† which was not only evident in the art but in philosophy as well and Machiavelli was the one who stood out during this period with virtually no peer. Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era of the Renaissance. This was the time the Popes, heads of the Catholic Church were influential enough to raise their own armies and waged war; wealthy Italian city-states, though enjoying relative autonomy from the prosperity they enjoyed were susceptible to attack and conquest by foreign powers such as Spain, France and even the Holy Roman Empire and this was further made complicated and to an extent convoluted with series of political-military alliances which continually changed as erstwhile allies and confederates changed sides on a whim and at any given time. Moving forward beyond Machiavelli’s lifetime, this was also a similar occurrence in later centuries, thereby validating Machiavelli’s observations and ideas. This period was also characterized by political instability and volatility as governments rise and fall even though it had barely been around after its installation. This was the world of Machiavelli. Ironically, he himself was its victim when he was part of the republican faction that saw the expulsion of the Medici family from power and was banished into exile by the same family when it was restored to power. It was during this time of exile that he wrote The Prince which he dedicated (ironically) to the Medicis, the very same people who banished him, as a way of currying their favor in ending his exile. The Prince emphasizes how a ruling prince, the title of the rulers of the city-states, can maintain control over all he governs. This is a rather tough balancing act as the prince needs to exercise control over the resources of the state in order to maintain it and at the same time meet the needs of his people. That requires the prince being someone above reproach almost to the point of being infallible, whilst privately acting amorally to meet the goals of the state. Machiavelli based these from his observations as a Florentine diplomat, and his study of ancient history, particularly the history of the Roman Republic. It can be inferred here that by the time Machiavelli wrote The Prince, the ideas embodied here are not exactly new but something he revived based on his studies. In this social and political milieu, Machiavelli observed the way people lived and had in mind a plan to â€Å"educate† or â€Å"enlighten† leaders how they should rule and even define their lifestyles if they wanted to stay in power longer. During his time, he noticed that most people were obliged to live virtuously as according to Aristotelian ethics. However, he dared to challenge this belief, saying that living virtuous lives does not necessarily lead to happiness. Machiavelli, in a sense of irony and apparently going against the norms, viewed misery as something useful which prince should capitalize on if they wish to rule longer. Machiavelli states boldly in The Prince, â€Å"The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. As long as you serve their interests, they are devoted to you†¦Men are less nervous of offending someone who makes himself loveable, than someone who makes himself frightening†¦A ruler should make himself feared in such a way that if he does not inspire love, at least he does not provoke hatred. For it is perfectly possible to be feared and not hated. † (quoted from Morgan 510) From this statement alone, one might think Machiavelli was trying to corrupt minds and undermine the virtues being practiced during his time by entertaining such a thought. But if one would only take an empathic look, The Prince does not dismiss morality, entirely. It somehow redefines morality in more pragmatic terms which is characterized by what is considered â€Å"acceptable cruel action,† but it must be decisive, swift, effective, and short-lived. It can be further inferred that Machiavelli saw how ironic it is to yield good results by performing â€Å"evil† actions. However, one caveat here is that the â€Å"evil† Machiavelli used is not the same as †evil† in the Judaeo-Christian sense of the word. For Machiavelli, cruelty should not be taken at face value or in absolute terms as had shown in one observation: â€Å"He (duke) put Mr. Remiro d’Orco, a man both cruel and efficient, in charge, and gave him absolute power. D’Orco in short order established peace and unity, and acquired immense authority. The duke decided such unchecked power was no longer necessary, for he feared the people might come to hate it. So he established a civil court, placing an excellent judge in charge of it. † (quoted in Morgan 493-494) What this means is that â€Å"evil† or in this case, cruelty should not be taken at face value for what it denotes. Rather, cruelty is defined as repressive actions taken by the state, more often than not manifested in the use of force to make things happen. But in so doing, the prince, or any ruler for that matter, is justified in his actions because it accomplishes a goal which in this case it to see to the preservation of the state and society as a whole, thus giving meaning to the Machiavellian adage, â€Å"the ends justify the means. † As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the realistic approach which sees how political realism clashes with political idealism and based on Machiavelli’s observations, the former prevails as the ideals based on classic Greek ideas of Plato and Aristotle tended to find no place in modern society where they used to emphasize the need for â€Å"enlightened† leadership or rule. Modern-day rulers do not have that luxury of being enlightened and they find Machiavelli’s ideas making more sense. It is only rather ironic and unfortunate that those who subscribed to these ideas are those Machiavelli would not want to – tyrants, despots and dictators. His idea of a leader using â€Å"acceptable cruel action† came from the dictators of the ancient Roman Republic. If there is something this paper has proven, Machiavelli is not so bad after all. It would appear that most of his ideas were taken out of context and given the impression he encouraged rule by tyrants when he actually was not. It was only a matter of pragmatism and to an extent prudence though not in the same level as Platonic and Aritstotelian thought. Works Cited Morgan, Michael L. Classics of Moral and Political Theory 4th Edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1992. How to cite American experience, Papers

Evaluating Potentiality of Investment

Question: Discuss about the Evaluating Potentiality of Investment. Answer: Introduction: The cost of capital is an important factor, used for evaluating the potentiality of any investment. It depicts the cost, incurred by any firm, for obtaining and maintaining its capital fund. However, most of the firms raise its capital fund through equity financing and debt financing. Therefore, the financial analysts rely on Weighted Average Cost of Capital more than normal cost of equity capital. WACC is calculated on the basis of both the costs, incurred for equity capital and debt capital. Thus, it can depict the overall cost of capital and satisfy both the shareholders and creditors. Arabian Cement Co. Ltd. is an enlisted company in UAE Stock Exchange. The cost of the capital of the company is computed under weighted average method to evaluate the potentiality of the company for investment purpose. Weighted Average Cost of Capital: The two main components of WACC are the cost of equity capital and cost of debt capital. Cost of debt capital can be ascertained from the finance expenses, stated in the financial statements. The cost of equity is, on the other hand, cannot be determined so easily. The most popular method of calculating the cost of capital is the Capital Asset Pricing Model, which determines the cost of equity on the basis on the market stock prices. According to the CAPM Model, the cost of equity is calculated by using the following formula: Cost of Equity = Risk Free Return + Beta x (Market Return Risk Free Return) For determining the cost of equity of Arabian Cement, the coupon yield rate of 1 yr. treasury bond of UAE is considered as risk free return and the average daily return of UAE stock market index is taken as the market return rate. Beta coefficient is the volatility level of the stock of Arabian Cement in comparison to UAE stock market return. As per the above discussion, the cost of equity of Arabian Cement is determined in the following table: After determining the cost of equity, the WACC of the company is computed by using the following formula in the table below: WACC = (Weightage of Equity x Cost of Equity) + (Weightage of Interest Bearing Debt x Cost of Debt) Conclusion: As per the above table, the WACC of the company is 7.55%, whereas, the industrial benchmark of cost of capital is 6.50%. The WACC of the company is higher than the industrial benchmark. Such variance has occurred as the industry is consisted with variety of companies. The cost of equity for the small companies uses to be lower than the large companies, whereas, the large companies can enjoy lower rate of interest on debt capital due to the goodwill and large amount of assets. However, the variance denotes that the company use to incur higher cost than the overall industry for maintaining its capital. The return on equity of Arabian Cement is 36.60%. It can be stated that the company raises its capital at lower cost but provides higher return on the capital. Therefore, though the WACC of the company is higher than the average industrial rate, the investors can consider Arabian Cement Co. Ltd. as a potential investment option. Bibliography: Arabian Cement Company - Cement, Concrete, Wassal. (2016).Arabian Cement Company - Cement, Concrete, Wassal. [online] Available at: https://www.arabiancement.com/financial-statements-2015 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2016]. Marketstoday.net. (2016).ARCCO | Historical Prices - MarketsToday.net. [online] Available at: https://www.marketstoday.net/companies/arabian-cement-co-ltd/Historical-Prices/42/en/# [Accessed 14 Dec. 2016].

Movie Review and Critique The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, which was released in the U.S. in 2008, is a film whose screenplay is loosely adapted from the 1920s story by F. Scott Fitzgerald having the same name. David Fincher directs the fantasy, drama, and romance movie while Eric Roth and Robin Swicord take charge of the screenplay.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film stirs Benjamin Button (Brad Pitt, apparent adult) as a man who is born with the look and physical maladies of a very old man and to the disappointment of everyone as he ages backwards (Scott, para. 3; Ebert, para. 1). This is the major conflict in the movie. The movie, starting nicely with greatly marinated food for thought and shifting towards an emotional ending that is as light as a feather, tells the story of Benjamin who is born just after the end of the Second World War in 1918 and lives well into the 21st century. Benjamin’s time traveler story, set in New Orleans, is about the individuals and locations he comes across as he moves, the loves he misplaces and discovers, the pleasure of life and the sorrow of decease, and what endures beyond time. The visually and emotionally rich film tells the life of Benjamin through his diary read to an old woman named Daisy (Cate Blanchett, adult) by her daughter, Caroline (Julia Ormond). The â€Å"curious case† in Benjamin’s life is that he is born as tiny shriveled aged elderly man (Sciretta, para. 2). Nonetheless, he lives like any normal man, as he grows younger and younger until he is a fully-grown person. Surprisingly, he dwindles to a young man and ultimately to an infant once again until he passes on in Daisy’s arms (Plowman, para.1). As a wizened geezer at the start of his weird life, Benjamin bumps into Daisy, a brilliant ballet dancer (Fisher, para. 3). Af ter some encounters, the two establish an instant connection, which cannot be said to be either creepy or paedophilic (Lipovetsky, para. 3). And, as they become of comparable physical age, they have a short passionate love affair. However, the contra-flow of time necessitates their separation and Benjamin departs. Eventually, when he shows up at twelve years of age, Daisy takes care of him until his death as an infant. The technical digital trickery that Fincher uses to create the characters in the film is definitely astounding. Fincher’s technical wizardry to increase the ages of the characters and also the way he makes them to look younger, in their teenage years, is extraordinary. Of particular mention is how Daisy is shown as an aged woman in a New Orleans hospital. The film’s director digitally tweaked Cate Blanchett’s skin so as to appear dissonantly smooth throughout the entire face, including the eyes. This is the same technique used for treating the ski ns of burns victims.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The entire appearances of most of the actors’ skin have a metallic gloss. This makes them to look as though they can ring when tapped. The characters do not look as young people as such. They bear more resemblance to robot-replicants from Planet West world. Thus, this is the major inconsistency evident in the movie. However, worth mentioning, the character with a real-looking appearance is that of Julia Ormond when he reads aloud from Benjamin’s diary. Fincher demonstrated good skills in directing the film. The director winds the clock in such a manner that the wearing ordeal has an indisputable story line, which is pleasant from the beginning until the movie culminates (McCarthy, para. 4). The film’s director added a dimension of delicacy to the movie making as it clearly stands on the shoulders of other films released during that time (Bradshaw, para. 2). Whereas he considers treating his viewers to a small number of grand, special-effect showpieces, the director places more attention in the creation of the actors. Most importantly, as described above, the appearance of his stars: Benjamin and Daisy (as adults). At one hundred and sixty-seven minutes and no, not in reverse time, there is no time wasted; each shot is jaw dropping. Although the movie was adapted from an earlier version of a book, its screenplay is very different since it is only its title, Benjamin’s name and several aspects of the aging process that are maintained in its production. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a well-made movie. The characters who participated in the story did their best. The filmmakers took no chances; they crammed each scene with detail. The century-bridging costumes developed by the production designer have are top-notch in effectively delivering the intended message. The filmmakers concentrated in shooting mainly deep focus images so as to make best use of information in each frame. In addition, it is important to note that the depth of the blacks they accomplish shooting on digital is astonishing. Thus, the film is worth watching especially for those who want to know the importance of the aging process. Works Cited Bradshaw, Peter. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Ltd, 6 Feb. 2009. Web. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/06/benjamin-button-brad-pitt-cate-blanchettAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ebert, Roger. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Rogerebert.com. Chicago Sun-Times, 23 Dec. 2008. Web. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081223/REVIEWS/812239995 Fisher, Jon athan. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Thefilmbrief.com. The Film Brief, 27 Dec. 2008. Web. http://www.thefilmbrief.com/2008/12/curious-case-of-benjamin-button.html Lipovetsky, Josh. â€Å"Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Essential Themes.† Film  Insight.net. The Film Insight, 3 Jan. 2009. Web. http://filminsight.net/2009/02/20/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button-essential-themes/ McCarthy, Todd. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Variety.com. Reed Business Information, 2011. Web. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939098/ Plowman, Nick. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Fataculture. Film and Television Appreciation Culture, 3 Jan. 2009. Web. http://fataculture.wordpress.com/2009/01/03/review-the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button/ Sciretta, Peter. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Movie Trailer.†Ã‚  Slashfilm.com. 12 June 2008. Web. http://www.slashfilm.com/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button-movie-tr ailer/ Scott, Anthony. â€Å"It’s the Age of a Child Who Grows From a Man.† Movies. The New York Times, 25 Dec. 2008. Web. http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/movies/25butt.htmlAdvertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button was written and submitted by user Mario Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Obedience To God Through Daniel Essays - Bible, Book Of Daniel

Obedience To God Through Daniel Essays - Bible, Book Of Daniel Obedience To God Through Daniel There are a lot of different things the Bible can tell us about obedience and disobedience. Many of which have the same outcome. Others have a very different outcome. In the book of Daniel, there are plenty of ways that the Bible can show you that there are some bad things that come out of obedience and some good things that come out of disobedience. Obedience is part of life. obeying God is a big part. But obeying God doesn't always work out the way we want it, or it can work out better then we want. This is shown many times in Daniel. Two of these different ways obedience can have an effect are shown in Daniel. One in verse 1:8-10. This is where Daniel is denied his obedience to the law even though he wants to be obedient. He is given royal food and wine to eat but asks for something different because it goes against God's law. Even though God makes the official sympathetic, he is still denied something different to eat. He received nothing for being obedient. The next part of this shows that the outcomes can be very different. In verses 12-17, Daniel asks to be tested for ten days and to be given nothing but fruits and vegetables, then to have him and his friends compared to the people given the royal foods to eat. After ten days, Daniel and his friends were in better health then the other people. Because of the way Daniel han dled the situation, God gave Daniel superior knowledge and the ability to understand dreams. Daniel had been put down by obedience and then glorified by obedience shortly after. This same type of situation happens again in the next chapter when the king has a dream that he can't have interpreted. In chapter 2 verses 10-13, the king has all the wise men in his kingdom hunted down and killed, because none of them can explain his dream. This included Daniel and his friends. Once again, by the obedience to God and the king, he is being punished. After finding out what was going on, Daniel had a vision from God. He then was taken to the king and explained to him what his dream was about. The king had thanked him for being so good and obedient by making him ruler over Babylon (vs. 24-48). He was once again glorified for being obedient. Obedience can go to a higher level still as shown through Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. The king had them thrown into a fire for not obeying him by worshiping his statue (vs.20), but because they were obedient to God, they were saved from the blazing fire and came out completely unharmed (vs.25). God saves us by our obedience, but he will also punish you for your disobedience. In chapter 4, the king is admiring his kingdom for all its glory, and claims that it was all his doing. As he is saying this, a voice from heaven told him that because he doesn't worship God, he was getting everything taken away from him until he was going to acknowledge that God was almighty (vs.28-32). The king then went and lived like a wild animal. He lived like this for quite some time before he finally admitted that God reigned supreme over everything (vs. 33-34). He was then, after being obedient to God, fully restored to his sanity and royal rank.. One other point shown is when Daniel was thrown in the lion's den. The administrators and satraps that ruled the kingdom with Daniel got so jealous that he was the most distinguished one of them all, that they tried to have him arrested so he could be killed. They couldn't find any grounds to have him arrested on, so instead they convinced the king to have an edict saying if anybody does not worship him for the next 30 days, they would be thrown in the lion's den. Daniel was not going to be disobedient to God so instead, he disobeyed this edict (6:1-11). The king tried to save him since they were friends, but could do nothing. He was unable to repeal his own

Diversity in the Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity in the Office - Essay Example This essay "Diversity in The Office" illustrates how is the workplace a confluence of cultures. The structures and processes within the organization that should be examined are the front desk management and the accounts department with the special interest in the public relation personnel data systems along with the basic working force available and are quite effective while confronting the confluence of cultures. The front desk management would be in focus because the public relation personnel is on the top hierarchy of that department and accounts is logically related to the public relation department. It should be looked into the fact is the public relation personnel is soft on the issue and furthermore, it should be noted whether accounts back office evaluation team if following all the instruction laid down by the Health Department. However, these measures are applicable for the entire workforce of the departments in the hospital. (Klare, 2006, 132) B. How can the dynamics of communication between people who see each other without empathy become more effective? The dynamics of communication between people who see each other without empathy become more effective because in such a situation the parties are strictly and chiefly confined to the matter of work and its work ethics. Here the outer bounds are executed with clinical perceptions without any emotion involvement. This makes the work much easier for the employees as they are able to concentrate on the job itself and thus the job becomes the priory make the end result count better.

Social Media - Pr practice modernised Dissertation

Social Media - Pr practice modernised - Dissertation Example As this occurs, there is also a question of how effective the use of social media and public relations are online. Examining how customers interact and the difference it makes with sales and relationship building is one of the main questions. This research paper will examine the mechanics of relationship building through social media and with online portals. There will be a question of how this changes consumer perception as well as potential opportunities for businesses that are building an online presence. Specifically, this research study will provide insight into the importance of social media and PR as an element for businesses. ... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 4.0 Results and Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35 5.0 Significance of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...39 5.1 Limitations of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.40 5.2 Future Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..42 6.0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...43 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..44 Appendix A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦48 Appendix B†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦49 List of tables and figures Image 1: Social Hierarchy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Image 2: Random and Scale Free Network†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......14 Image 3: Corporate Social Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 Image 4: Social Media Networks and Giant Component WOM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...22 1.0 Introduction The use of social media is continuing to grow as a trend among businesses. Those who have a website or brick and mortar business are now using social media as a part of the vocabulary necessary for defining what is needed for an effective marketing plan. The growing trend is one that is now creating a question of where this fits into the promotion mix. Most marketers are looking at social media as a necessary component of finding new customers and spreading the word about one’s

Cardiology Studies: Conditions Involved and Services Offered

Cardiology Studies: Conditions Involved and Services Offered 1. The area of medicine it studies  [i] Cardiology derived from Greek and Latin. Kardia in Greek means the heart and logia also from Greek stands for logy or study. Branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the cardiovascular system (heart, aorta and smaller blood vessels), their diagnosis and treatment. 2. Title of consultants in this field Cardiology department is run by Cardiologists which is divided into cardiac sections and various cardiac consultants including Heart surgeons, Cardiologist Electrophysiologist, Cardiothoracic [surgical treatment of thorax (the chest) of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease)]. surgeons and Cardiovascular (diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels) Imaging Consultants.   Ã‚   3. Services offered in the Cardiology department. Cardiology department is divided into various other sub departments which fall under Cardiology category: Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratory  [ii] (Cath Lab): there are many procedures carried out in the Cath Lab some of which may be; Coronary Catheterization, Coronary (relating to arteries surrounding and supplying the heart) Angioplasty (opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to heart muscle), Permanent and Temporary Pacemaker Implantations and many more. Coronary Care Unit  [iii] (CCU) care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia (abnormality in heart rhythm) etc. Chest Pain Assessment Unit  [iv] is to assess and treat patients with life-threatening heart conditions, chest pain, heart attacks, shortness of breath, palpitations etc. Cardiac Rehabilitation  [v] is a program for people who are on their way of recovery from a heart attack, heart failure, heart valve surgery, etc. the program involves adopting heart-healthy lifestyle changes, exercise training, and help you return to an active life. Cardiology Outpatients examines and treats patients without keeping overnight. 4. Surgical procedures and diagnostic tests used in the Cardiology department.  [vi] Coronary Angiogram (x-ray photo of blood and lymph vessels) is carried out in the Cath Lab it is an invasive imaging procedure, used to; evaluate the presence of disease in the coronary arteries, valves or aorta and heart muscle function. Also to determine the need for further treatment. Permanent Pacemaker (PPM) Insertion is an invasive procedure used to stabilise the heart rhythm. An incision is made on the left side of the chest under the clavicle, following local anaesthetic, the leads and pacemaker are inserted. Catheter Ablation invasive procedure used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Several catheters are inserted into the patients groin, neck or arm and guided with the aid of x-ray equipment to the heart. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (high energy shock to bring back heart action) (ICD) it is an invasive procedure used to stabilise the heart rhythm. An incision is made on the left side of the chest after local anaesthetic and the ICD leads and device box are inserted. Using x-ray guidance, the leads are fixed into position. Coronary Angioplasty used to widen narrowed coronary arteries. Opening up the arteries improves blood flow to the heart and may improve symptoms. A catheter with a small balloon at the tip is guided through a blood vessel into the heart artery. The balloon is inflated at the site of the narrowed artery, widening its diameter (balloon angioplasty). 5. Medical conditions encountered in the Cardiology department.  [vii] Most common heart conditions are: Coronary thrombosis: a blood clot in the coronary artery. Cardiac arrhythmia: Abnormal electrical activity in the heart, the heart beat may be too fast or too slow, it can be regular or irregular. Cardiac failure: the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the bodys needs. Palpitations: abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart; whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular or at its normal frequency. 6. Common abbreviations relating to Cardiology MRI Magnetic resonance imaging CT Computed tomography (X-Ray) ECG Electrocardiogram (or EKG) VF Ventricle failure CHD Coronary heart disease 7. Common blood tests used in diagnosing heart disease. Cardiac biomarkers: these tests are used to diagnose a heart attack by determining if heart cells have been damaged.  [viii] Lipid blood tests: checks levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which are associated with the risk of heart disease.  [ix] Question 1 Endo Endoscopy used to examine a persons digestive tract Question 2 Norovirus winter vomiting bug side effects; nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain Question 3-5 Term Explanation Gingivitis Inflammation of gums Gingiv= gums Itis= inflammation Endocarditis Infection of the inner lining of the heart Endo= inner lining of Card= the heart It is= inflammation Atherosclerosis Narrowing and hardening of arteries Athero= artery Scler=hardening Osis= condition of the Question 6-8 Term Explanation Relates to Cystitis Inflammation of bladder Urinary system Uraemia Blood in the urine Urinary system Enteritis Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract Digestive system Question 9-11 Term Department Consultant Disorder of hormones Endocrinology Endocrinologist Disorders of the digestive system Gastroenterology Gastroenterologist Disorders of the skin Dermatology Dermatologist Question 12-17 HCV Hepatitis C virus HIV Human immunodeficiency virus PUD Peptic ulcer disease IVF In-vitro fertilisation MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus C. Diff Clostridium Difficile Question 18-20 Term Suffixes Examples Inflammation Itis Conjunctivitis Cystitis Bone Osteo/Ortho Osteoporosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Tumour Oma Malignant melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma References [i] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology [ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_lab [iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_care_unit [iv] http://www.westerntrust.hscni.net/services/2577.htm [v] https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rehab [vi] http://www.blackrock-clinic.ie/services-procedures/cardiology/procedures/ [vii] An introductory to Anatomy Physiology, 4th Edition, reprinted in November 2012, written by Louise Tucker. Chapter 5 The Cardiovascular System page. 85 [viii] http://www.leehealth.org/cardiaccare/tests/blood.asp [ix] http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-and-triglycerides-tests#1 Good Will Hunting: Sean Maguire Good Will Hunting: Sean Maguire Melissa Hernandez This case is about, Sean Maguire, a character in Good Will Hunting. Mr. Maguire is a 56-year-old Caucasian psychologist and therapist male. He teaches different types of psychology classes at Bunker Hill Community College in Boston. He was married to, Nancy Maguire for eighteen years before he lost her to cancer. They have never had any children. After his wife passed away, Mr. Maguire withdrew himself from friends and family. He is also a Vietnam Veteran. He continues to teach at the college because he wants to be surrounded by the people he is familiar with, people he grew up with. This case study will cover Mr. Maguires transition being secluded from friends into his turning point when he starts to make amends with his friends. Life Course Perspective The life course perspective (LCP) looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors act independently, cumulatively, and interactively to shape peoples lives from conception to death, and across generations. Of course, time is only one dimension of human behavior . . . (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 7). The LCP has five basic concepts; cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 11). Cohort A cohort is a group of persons who were born during the same time and who experience social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and at the same age (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 11).   Sean Maguire belongs to the Caucasian, team of professors cohort. All of Mr. Maguires friends are professors who have gone on to do more with their lives. During the period Mr. Maguires wife was sick he quit counseling and he regretted it. After her death, he secluded himself from his friends. Mr. Maguires cohort were his friends from college, his colleagues, and his wife. Life Events A life event is a significant occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and long lasting effects (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 15).   Mr. Maguires life events evolve around his wife from the moment he meets her until she passes. He passes up the Boston Red Sox playoff games, probably one of the most crucial playoff games during the history of baseball, to spend time with Nancy who he had just met. It was a risk worth taking because later he marries her and he states, I dont regret the 18 years I was married to Nancy. I dont regret the six years that she was sick and I gave up counseling. I dont regret later when she got really sick.   I sure as hell dont regret missing that damn game. After his wifes death, he lives an independent life. The pain he is left with after her passing became difficult to deal with. He doesnt know how to move on until he meets a young man, Will Hunting, he starts to counsel who helps change his life. Also as a child, Mr. Maguire experiences abuse from his alcoholic father who he tries protecting his mother from. He can relate to his patient Mr. Hunting. Transition A transition is a process of gradual change that usually involves acquiring or relinquishing roles, but it can be any change in status, such as change in health status (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 13).   Sean Maguire transitions into life without his wife after she dies. This life event changed Mr. Maguires environment as well as his self-concept and expectations. He is not able to move past losing his wife and watching her grow more and more ill. It hurts him knowing there was nothing he could have done for her but he is grateful he was able to spend her last months with her. This transition required Sean Maguire to make social adjustments. He stopped counseling for the duration Mrs. Maguire was sick, which he previously stated he regretted. Transitioning to life without his wife has been a challenge for Maguire. Life Course Perspective Themes There are six themes that pertain to the life course perspective; interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 20). This case study will cover linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, and developmental risk and protection. Linked or Interdependent Lives The life course perspective emphasizes the interdependence of human lives and the ways in which people are reciprocally connected on several levels. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 24). Mr. Maguire shut off communication with his college friends which left him with no social support, which is defined as help rendered by others that benefits an individual or collectively, is an obvious element of interdependent lives (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 24). The one person who was Sean Maguires family who always stood by his side through everything passed away, thus causing him to push away friends who could have supported him. Human Agency in Making Choices Constructing a life course through the exercise of human agency, or the use of personal power to achieve ones goals. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28).   Sean Maguire grew up with an abusive alcoholic father who would beat on him, his mother, and younger brother. He would protect his mother and sibling by taking the beatings for them. He confesses this to his client, Mr. Hunting. Growing up with an abusive father and in a low-income community, led Mr. Maguire to make goals to get out of that environment. He enlisted in the military and fought in the Vietnam war, returned home and made another goal to achieve his Doctorate degree in Psychology. Then he fell in love with, Nancy who he soon married. According to Albert Bandura, Mr. Maguire uses all three modes of efficacy; self-efficacy, efficacy expectation, and collective agency to set these goals and accomplish them. Developmental Risk and Protection As the life course perspective has continued to evolve, it has more clearly emphasize the links between the life events and transitions of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 31).   As a child Mr. Maguire experiences abuse at the hands of his father. As a young adult, he experiences difficult situations during his time served in the Vietnam war. An example of him protecting himself is when his client, Mr. Hunting criticizes his painting which is a painting done by Mr. Maguires late wife. He pushes Mr. Hunting up against the wall and proceeds to walk out of the room to gain his power back. He protects himself by pushing people away, he doesnt want to get close to anyone for fear of losing them or getting hurt. Banduras Social Learning Theory AlbertBandura proposes that humans are agentic, meaning they are capable of intentionally influencing their own functioning and life circumstances (Hucthinson, 2015, p. 28). Bandura argues that everyday life requires use of all three modes of agency. The three agencies will explain how Sean Maguire used them through his life course perspective. Personal agency Personal agency is exercised individually, using personal influence to shape environmental events or ones own behavior (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire grew up in a low-income neighborhood with an alcoholic father who abused his mother and him. He used personal agency to get out of the neighborhood and rise up from the physical and mental abuse. He set goals to get out of his neighborhood, enlist in the U. S. Army and attend college. He did well because he earned a Ph. D. Proxy agency Proxy agency is exercised to influence others who have greater resources to act on ones behalf to meet needs and accomplish goals (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire is a professor and psychologist who helps people resolve any conflicts they might have. In this case Mr. Maguire helps Will Hunting resolve his issues he has been dealing with since his childhood and young adult life. Mr. Hunting believes the abuse he endured as a child was his fault and was stuck in his childhood. Collective agency Collective agency is exercised on the group level when people act together to meet needs and accomplish goals (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire and Will Hunting help each other accomplish life perspective goals together, which benefits both men. The time Mr. Maguire spent with Mr. Hunting was beneficial for both men because they opened up to each other and helped one another deal with conflicts they probably would not have otherwise dealt with. Mr. Maguire was able to reconnect with old friends and enjoy life even though his best friend is no longer alive. Mr. Hunting was able to accomplish his goal of falling in love and trusting someone, specifically a woman who he was afraid to get close to. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development Eriksons theory explains socioemotional development in terms of age defined stages such as basic trust and mistrust which ranges from birth to one year old; autonomy versus shame and doubt which falls into one to three year olds; initiative versus guilt which is from three to five year olds; industry versus inferiority which has an age range of six to 11 years old; identity versus role diffusion from ages 11 to 20 years old; intimacy versus isolation which includes 21 to 40 year old adults; generativity versus stagnation which 40 to 65 year olds fall; and ego integrity versus despair which is 65 and older (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 112). Intimacy versus guilt Sean Maguire is 56 years old and finds himself dealing with intimacy and isolation. During the time his wife was sick he momentarily ceased his practice and regrets not helping clients. It was during that time that he also isolated himself from his friends and colleagues. After he became a widower Mr. Maguire further confined himself as he tried to deal with the death of his wife. He became distant from his students, who lost respect for him and he stopped communicating with his friends. He does not believe he will ever find a love like the love he experienced with his wife. Levinsons Theories of Finding Balance Daniel Levinson suggest that middle adulthood is a time when individuals attempt to find balance in their lives in several ways (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 321). Levinson sees the transition to middle adulthood attachment versus separation. Mr. Maguire deals with being attached to his wife and then losing her to cancer. He does not know how to deal with this in a positive manner. He has a huge tab at a local bar that has not been paid in months. Ethical Issues Ethical issues a social worker could possibly face could be, Sean Maguire is a psychologist who may not want to speak about his issues because he doesnt realize he has any issues to resolve. It would probably be an issue trying to convince Mr. Maguire what him and the social worker speak about is strictly between them and will be kept confidential. The social worker will not speak to her colleagues about what is discussed nor will the sessions interfere with Mr. Maguires careers. Ethical Principles The social worker may face dignity and worth of a person ethical principle when working with Mr. Maguire. Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individual differences and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers promote clients socially responsible self-determination. Social workers seek to enhance clients capacity and opportunity to change and to address their own needs. Social workers are cognizant of their dual responsibility to clients and to the broader society. They seek to resolve conflicts between clients interests and the broader societys interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession (NASW, 2008) The social workers client, Mr. Maguire may not feel worthy and may feel his dignity is lost if he needs to speak about some issues that are interfering with his life. Ethical Values Dignity and worth of the person is an ethical value a social worker may deal with when working with Mr. Maguire. As stated previously, Mr. Maguire could possibly feel like his dignity is lost and his self-worth is diminished. The social worker must not allow the client to feel they have lost their dignity and make them feel they are worthy, because it is not easy to for Mr. Maguire to admit he needs help and seek it to become a healthier individual. Discrimination Sean Maguire received discrimination as a child growing up in an impoverished neighborhood. As an adult he was discriminated against because his friends think he did not anything further with his life after he earned his college degree. Oppression Sean Maguire experienced oppression at the hands of his father while growing up as a child. His father had abused him and his mother physically and psychologically. The oppression he experienced made him stronger and more willing to accomplish goals. Conclusion Sean Maguire has accomplished many goals while counseling his client, Will Hunting. He has learned how to deal with the passing of his wife in a positive way and he has reconnected with old friends who can bring him joy during this time in his life. Mr. Maguire needed someone who he could relate to and connect with who would help him come out of seclusion and experience the fulfillment of life. He is able as well to understand the abuse he endured as a child was not his to blame and he is able to nurture and love another person despite his life experiences. References Affleck, B., Damon, M., Driver, M., Elfman, D., Escoffier, J., Sant, G. V., Williams, R. (Writers). (1997). Good Will Hunting [Video file]. Hutchison, E. (2015). Life Course Perspective. In Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course (Fifth ed., p. 7, 11, 13, 20). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing. Code of Ethics (English and Spanish) National Association of Social Workers. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp Sun, X., Kim, D. O. (1999). Adaptation of 2f1-2f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in young-adult and old CBA and C57 mice. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6), 3399-3409. doi:10.1121/1.424668 Wood, R., Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384. doi:10.5465/AMR.1989.4279067 What was the Reasoning behind Medicare and Medicaid? What was the Reasoning behind Medicare and Medicaid? Early in the twentieth century, those concerned in the human condition, mostly reformers and progressives, reasoned that the American family needed protection from the debilitating effects of lost wages subsequent to the family provider becoming unable to work due to an illness or injury. Many of the social service benefits we enjoy today were rooted in what was referred to at that time as Sickness Insurance. Sickness insurance included the seeds of future programs like Social Security Retirement, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSI), Unemployment Insurance, Workmans Compensation and yes Medicare and Medicaid. Although advocates for sickness insurance included plans to cover medical expenses. They were far more concerned with families recouping losses due to lost wages than they were with recovering medical expenses. This was because medical expenses during that time period were significantly less expensive and burdensome than they are today. During the first part of the twentieth century the average person spent roughly $30.00/year and that amount included burial expenses should they be needed. As a result, the political climate in the first half of the twentieth century, accompanying opposition from the medical profession and other interest groups, defeated any successful attempt towards establishing health insurance in any form or, for that matter, developing any type of comprehensive health care strategy until the mid to late 1930s. Although the Social Security Act was passed by Congress in 1935 and physicians began organizing the first private healthcare plans like Blue Shield to cover costs of physicians care in 1939, it wasnt until the late 1950s and early 1960s before the groundwork began which eventually produced Medicare and Medicaid. The stimulus for this development was directly attributable to private insurance companies adjusting their premiums on growing employer-based health coverage on ever increasing medical costs. As a result, the retired and disabled found it progressively more difficult to find affordable coverage as costs for same quickly exceeded their means. Because of this, health reformers focused their efforts on the elderly a battle more easily won. In 1960, Federal Employees acquired a health benefit plan (FEHBP), providing health insurance coverage to federal workers. The Kerr-Mills Act was also passed that year which provided federal monetary support to state programs providing medical care to the poor and elderly. The Kerr-Mills Act was the precursor to the Medicaid program. Shortly after the Civil Rights Act passes in 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare and Medicaid programs into law (1965). This legislation created Medicare Part A (covering hospital and limited skilled nursing and home health care), as well as Medicare Part B (a plan to help cover the costs of physicians services). The Medicare and Medicaid programs were incorporated into the Social Security Act as a result of support from the hospital and health insurance industries mainly because this legislation contained no cost controls or physician fee schedules along with public approval and a congress containing a progressive, democratic majority. The next ten years, 1971 1981 saw an expansion of services under the Social Security Income (SSI) program such as a cash assistance program to elderly and disabled persons along with amendments that allow those with long-term disabilities to qualify for Medicare while healthcare costs continued to skyrocket and politicians squabb led with special interest groups over proposals and reforms. The next 30 years, 1981 to 2009, was composed of a flurry of disjointed legislative attempts to both expand healthcare coverage for specific target groups while attempting to reign in the constant upward spiral of health care costs. For example: in 1986 the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active labor Act (EMTALA) required all hospital facilities that received Medicare imbursements to screen and stabilize all persons who used their emergency room facilities regardless as to the ability to pay. Then, just a few short years later in the face of the Clinton administrations proposed Health Security Act (which, in 1993, proposed access to healthcare for every American), the Health Insurance Association of America fought back with television ads depicting middle-class American families worried about access to health care under the Clinton sponsored plan. They had cause to worry. In the 10 years between 1987 and 1997 the number of uninsured grew from 31 million to over 42.4 million as ever increasing healthcare insurance costs, responding to exploding medical care costs, forced individuals and whole families out of the ranks of the insured. In 2009, the White House held its first Health Reform Summit with key stakeholders. Shortly thereafter, President Obama releases his 2010 fiscal budget which includes 8 principles of health reform (electronic record-keeping, preventing expensive conditions, reducing obesity, refocusing doctor incentives from quantity of care to quality, bundling payments for treatment of conditions rather than specific services, better identifying and communicating the most cost-effective treatments, and reducing defensive medicine), and sets aside 634 million dollars in a health reform reserve fund while Congress continues to debate national healthcare reform options (Obama, 2009). Late in 2009 both the House and the Senate pass health reform legislation. Even so, neither the Houses healthcare reform version nor the Senates are ratified by both political bodies. Then, on February 22, 2010 the White House releases President Obamas proposal for health care reform and hosts a second Healthcare summit just 3 days later.   One week later, President Obama lays out his proposal and threatens the Senate that if need be a reconciliation process that required only a majority vote rather than the normal 60 votes to pass would be used to insure passage of the bill. Less than three weeks later, on March 21, 2010 the House of Representatives passes the Senates sponsored version of the bill the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), along with the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 that amends the original Senate version of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act reflecting negotiations between the House and Senate, and sends it to the President for signature. Two days later, President Obama signs the bill and P.L. 11-148 (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ACA), becomes law and Obamacare is born. Does the Affordable Care Act of 2010 adequately fix the majority of the healthcare problems we face as a nation today? Or should the responsibility of individual health be on the individual? In the words of Phil Schiliro, former Director of White House Legislative Affairs The right measure of the ACA isnt whether it avoids political controversy; its whether it makes America better by achieving its five most fundamental goals: expanding health-insurance coverage, lowering costs and promoting fiscal responsibility, increasing quality through innovation, protecting seniors and delivering peace of mind to American families by guaranteeing essential rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. With these goals in place, individuals can concentrate on lifestyles that promote health rather than worrying about getting help when efforts in this regard fail expectations. References Timeline: History of Health Reform in the U.S. https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/5-02-13-history-of-health-reform.pdf A Brief History of Workers Compensation, Gregory P Guyton, Department of Orthopedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Copyright  © 1999, The Iowa Orthopedic Journal https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888620/ Medicare and Medicaid: The Past as Prologue, Edward Berkowitz, Health Care Financing Review/Spring 2008/Volume 29, Number 3 https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and- https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-Systems/Research/HealthCareFinancingReview/downloads/08Springpg81.pdf Health is ultimately the responsibility of the individual: to what extent is this viewpoint correct? rodrigo | November 13, 2012 The WritePass Journal https://writepass.com/journal/2012/11/health-is-ultimately-the-responsibility-of-the-individual-to-what-extent-is-this-viewpoint-correct/ Who is Responsible for Your Health? Sarah Lifsey, May 14, 2015, Altarum Institute altarum.org/health-policy-blog/who-is-responsible-for-your-health ProCon.org. (2015, May 8). Is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) Good for America? Retrieved from http://healthcarereform.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001526 Remarks by the President to the AMA (June 15, 2009). Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2012. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-annual-conference-american-medical-association

Machine Learning In Medical Applications Health And Social Care Essay

Machine Learning ( ML ) aims at supplying computational methods for roll uping, altering and updating cognition in intelligent systems, and in peculiar acquisition mechanisms that will assist us to bring on cognition from illustrations or informations. Machine larning methods are utile in instances where algorithmic solutions are non available, there is deficiency of formal theoretical accounts, or the cognition about the application sphere is ill defined. The fact that assorted scientific communities are involved in ML research led this scientific field to integrate thoughts from different countries, such as computational acquisition theory, unreal nervous webs, statistics, stochastic mold, familial algorithms and pattern acknowledgment. Therefore, ML includes a wide category of methods that can be approximately classified in symbolic and subsymbolic ( numeral ) harmonizing to the nature of the use which takes topographic point whilst acquisition.2.Technical treatmentMachine Learning provides methods, techniques, and tools that can assist work outing diagnostic and predictive jobs in a assortment of medical spheres. ML is being used for the analysis of the importance of clinical parametric quantities and of their combinations for forecast, e.g. anticipation of disease patterned advance, for the extraction of medical cognition for results research, for therapy planning and support, and for overall patient direction. ML is besides being used for informations analysis, such as sensing of regularities in the informations by suitably covering with imperfect informations, reading of uninterrupted informations used in the Intensive Care Unit, and for intelligent dismaying ensuing in effectual and efficient monitoring. It is argued that the successful execution of ML methods can assist the integrating of computer-based systems in the health care environment supplying chances to ease and heighten the work of medical experts and finally to better the efficiency and quality of medical attention. Below, we summarize some major ML application countries in medical specialty. Medical diagnostic logical thinking is a really of import application country of computer-based systems ( Kralj and Kuka, 1998 ; Strausberg and Person, 1999 ; Zupan et al. , 1998 ) . In this model, adept systems and modelbased strategies provide mechanisms for the coevals of hypotheses from patient informations. For illustration, regulations are extracted from the cognition of experts in the adept systems. Unfortunately, in many instances, experts may non cognize, or may non be able to explicate, what knowledge they really use in work outing their jobs. Symbolic larning techniques ( e.g. inductive acquisition by illustrations ) are used to add acquisition, and knowledge direction capablenesss to expert systems ( Bourlas et al. , 1996 ) . Given a set of clinical instances that act as illustrations, larning in intelligent systems can be achieved utilizing ML methods that are able to bring forth a systematic description of those clinical characteristics that unambiguously characterize the clinical conditions. This cognition can be expressed in the signifier of simple regulations, or frequently as a determination tree. A authoritative illustration of this type of system is KARDIO, which was developed to construe ECGs ( Bratko et al. , 1989 ) . This attack can be extended to manage instances where there is no old experience in the reading and apprehension of medical informations. For illustration, in the work of Hau and Coiera ( Hau and Coiera, 1997 ) an intelligent system, which takes real-time patient informations obtained during cardiac beltway surgery and so creates theoretical accounts of normal and unnatural cardiac physiology, for sensing of alterations in a patient ‘s status is described. Additionally, in a research scene, these theoretical accounts can function as initial hypotheses that can drive farther experimentation.2.1 MethodologyIn this subdivision we propose a new algorithm called REMED ( Rule Extraction for MEdical Diagnostic ) . The REMED algorithm includes three chief stairss: 1 ) attributes choice, 2 ) choice of initial dividers, and eventually 3 ) regulation building.2.1.1 Attributes ChoiceFor the first measure we consider that in medical pattern the aggregation of datasets is frequently expensiv e and clip consuming. Then, it is desirable to hold a classifier that is able to reliably name with a little sum of informations about the patients. In the first portion of REMED we use simple logistic arrested development to quantify the hazard of enduring the disease with regard to the addition or decrease of an 574attribute. We ever use high assurance degrees ( & gt ; 99 % ) to choose properties that are truly important and to vouch the building of more precise regulations. Other of import facet to reference is that depending on the sort of association established ( positive or negative ) through the odds ratio metric, we build the sentence structure with which each property ‘s divider will look in the regulations system. This portion of the algorithm is shown in the top of figure 1.2.1.2 Partitions ChoiceThe 2nd portion of REMED comes from the fact that if an property ten has been statistically important in the anticipation of a disease, so its mean ten ( mean of the value s of the property ) is a good campaigner as initial divider of the property. We sort the illustrations by the property ‘s value and from the initial divider of each property, we search the following positive illustration ( category = 1 ) in the way of the established association. Then, we calculate a new divider through the norm between the value of the found illustration and the value of its predecessor or replacement. This supplanting is carried out merely one time for each property. This can be seen in the in-between portion of figure 1.2.1.3 Rules ConstructionIn the last portion of the algorithm, we build a simple regulation system of the undermentioned manner: if ( ei,1 a†°? p1 ) and ( ei, J a†°Ã‚ ¤ pj ) and aˆÂ ¦ and ( ei, m a†°? autopsy ) so category = 1 else category = 0 where ei, J denotes the value of attribute J for illustration I, pj denotes the divider for attribute J and the relation a†°? or a†°Ã‚ ¤ depends on the association attribu te-disease. With this regulation system we make a first categorization. We so seek to better the truth of our system by increasing or diminishing the value of each divider every bit much as possible. For this we apply the bisection method and cipher possible new dividers get downing with the current divider of each property and the upper limit or minimal value of the illustrations for this property. We build a temporal regulation system altering the current divider by each new divider and sort the illustrations once more. We merely see a new divider if it diminishes the figure of false positives ( FP ) but does non decrease the figure of true positives ( TP ) . This measure is repeated for each property until we overcome the established convergence degree for the bisection method or the current regulation system is non able to diminish the figure of FP ( healthy individuals diagnosed falsely ) . This portion of the algorithm is exemplified at the underside of figure 1. We can appreciate that the end of REMED is to maximise the minority category truth at each measure, foremost choosing the properties that are strongly associated with the positive category. Then halting the hunt of the divider that better discriminates both categories in the first positive illustration, and eventually seeking to better the truth of the regulation system but without decreasing the figure of TP ( ill individuals diagnosed right ) .3. Machine acquisition in complementary medical specialty3.1 Kirlian consequence – a scientific tool for analyzing elusive energiesThe history of the so called Kirlian consequence, besides known as the Gas Discharge Visualization ( GDV ) technique ( a wider term that includes besides some other techniques is bioelectrography ) , goes back to 1777 when G.C. Lihtenberg in Germany recorded electrographs of skiding discharge in dust created by inactive electricity and electric flickers. Subsequently assorted researches contributed to the d evelopment of the technique ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : Nikola Tesla in the USA, J.J. Narkiewich-Jodko in Russia, Pratt and Schlemmer in Prague until the Russian technician Semyon D. Kirlian together with his married woman Valentina noticed that through the interaction of electric currents and exposure home bases, imprints of life beings developed on movie. In 1970 100s of partisans started to reproduce Kirlian exposure an the research was until 1995 limited to utilizing a photo-paper technique. In 1995 a new attack, based on CCD Video techniques, and computing machine processing of information was developed by Korotkov ( 1998a ; B ) and his squad in St. Petersburg, Russia. Their instrument Crown-TV can be routinely used which opens practical possibilities to analyze the effects of GDV. The basic thought of GDV is to make an electromagnetic field utilizing a high electromotive force and high frequence generator. After a thershold electromotive force is exceeded the ionisation of gas around the studied object takes topographic point and as a side consequence the quanta of light { photons are emitted. So the discharge can be fixed optically by a exposure, exposure detector or TV-camera. Assorted parametric quantities inA °uence the ionisation procedure ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : gas belongingss ( gas type, force per unit area, gas content ) , electromotive force parametric quantities ( amplitude, frequence, impulse wave form ) , electrode parametric quantities ( constellation, distance, dust and wet, macro and micro defects, electromagnetic field constellation ) and studied object parametric quantities ( common electric resistance, physical Fieldss, skin voltaic response, etc. ) . So the Kirlian consequence is the consequence of mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic procedures, and field interactions. Gas discharge acts as agencies of heightening and visual image of super-weak procedures. Due to the big figure of parametric quantities that inA °uence the Kirlian consequence it is really diA ±cult or impossible to command them all, so in the development of discharge there is ever an component of vagueness or stochastic. This is one of the grounds why the technique has non yet been widely accepted in pattern as consequences did non hold a high duplicability. All accounts of the Kirlian consequence apprehended A °uorescence as the emanation of a biological object. Due to the low duplicability, in academic circles there was a widely dispersed sentiment that all ascertained phenomena are nil else but A °uctuation of the crown discharge without any connexion to the studied object. With modern engineering, the duplicability became suA ±cent to enable serious scientific surveies. Besides analyzing inanimate objects, such as H2O and assorted liquids ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , minerals, the most widely studied are populating beings: workss ( foliage, seeds, etc. ( Korotkov and Kouznetsov, 1997 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) ) , animate beings ( Krashenuk et al. , 1998 ) , and of class worlds. For worlds, most widely recorded are aureoles of fingers ( Kraweck, 1994 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) , and GDV records of blood extracts ( Voeikov, 1998 ) . Principal among these are surveies of the psycho-physiological province and energy of a human, diagnosing ( Gurvits and Korotkov, 1998 ) , reactions to some medical specialties, reactions to assorted substances, nutrient ( Kraweck, 1994 ) , dental intervention ( Lee, 1998 ) , alternate healing intervention, such as stylostixis, ‘bioenergy ‘ , homoeopathy, assorted relaxation and massage techniques ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , GEM therapy, applied kineziology and A °ower kernel intervention ( Hein, 1999 ) , leech therapy, etc. , and eve n analyzing the GDV images after decease ( Korotkov, 1998a ) . There are many surveies presently traveling on all over the universe and there is no uncertainty that the human elusive energy field, as vizualized utilizing the GDV technique, is extremely correlated to the homo ‘s psycho-physiological province, and can be used for nosologies, omens, theraphy choice, and commanding the effects of the therapy.4.LimitationM. Schurr, from the Section for Minimal Invasive Surgery of the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, gave an invited talk on endoscopic techniques and the function of ML methods in this context. He referred to current restrictions of endoscopic techniques, which are related to the limitations of entree to the human organic structure, associated to endoscopy. In this respect, the proficient restrictions include: limitations of manual capablenesss to pull strings human variety meats through a little entree, restrictions in visualising tissues and limitations in acquiring diagnostic information about tissues. To relieve these jobs, international engin eering developments concentrate on the creative activity of new use techniques affecting robotics and intelligent detector devices for more precise endoscopic intercessions. It is acknowledged that this new coevals of detector devices contributes to the development and spread of intelligent systems in medical specialty by supplying ML methods with informations for farther processing. Current applications include suturing in cardiac surgery, and other clinical Fieldss. It was mentioned that peculiar focal point is put by several research groups on the development of new endoscopic visualizing and diagnostic tools. In this context, the potencies of new imaging rules, such as fluorescence imagination or optical maser scanning microscopy, and machine acquisition methods are really high. The clinical thought behind these developments is early sensing of malignant lesions in phases were local endoscopic therapy is possible. Technical developments in this field are really promising, nevert heless, clinical consequences are still pending and ongoing research will hold to clear up the existent potency of these engineerings for clinical usage. Moustakis and Charissis ‘ work ( Moustakis and Charissis, 1999 ) surveyed the function of ML in medical determination devising and provided an extended literature reappraisal on assorted ML applications in medical specialty that could be utile to practicians interested in using ML methods to better the efficiency and quality of medical determination doing systems. In this work the point of acquiring off from the truth measures as exclusive rating standards of larning algorithms was stressed. The issue of understandability, i.e. how good the medical expert can understand and therefore utilize the consequences from a system that applies ML methods, is really of import and should be carefully considered in the rating.5.Improvement & A ; ConclusionThe workshop gave the chance to research workers working in the ML field to acquire an overview of current work of ML in medical applications and/or addition understanding and experience in this country. Furthermore, immature research wor kers had the chance to show their thoughts, and received feedback from other workers in the country. The participants acknowledged that the diffusion of ML methods in medical applications can be really effectual in bettering the efficiency and the quality of medical attention, but it still presents jobs that are related to both theory and applications. From a theoretic point of position, it is of import to heighten our apprehension of ML algorithms every bit good as to supply mathematical justifications for their belongingss, in order to reply cardinal inquiries and get utile penetration in the public presentation and behaviour of ML methods. On the other manus, some major issues which concern the procedure of larning cognition in pattern are the visual image of the erudite cognition, the demand for algorithms that will pull out apprehensible regulations from nervous webs, every bit good as algorithms for placing noise and outliers in the information. The participants besides mentioned some other jobs that arise in ML applications and should be addressed, like the control of over adjustment and the grading belongingss of the ML methods so that they can use to jobs with big datasets, and high-dimensional input ( characteristic ) and end product ( classes-categories ) infinites. A repeating subject in the recommendations made by the participants was the demand for understandability of the acquisition result, relevancy of regulations, standards for choosing the ML applications in the medical context, the integrating with the patient records and the description of the appropriate degree and function of intelligent systems in health care. These issues are really complex, as proficient, organisational and societal issues become intertwined. Previous research and experience suggests that the successful execution of information systems ( e.g. , ( Anderson, 1997 ; Pouloudi, 1999 ) ) , and determination support systems in peculiar ( e.g. , ( Lane et al. , 1996 ; Ridderikhoff and new wave Herk, 1999 ) ) , in the country of health care relies on the successful integrating of the engineering with the organisational and societal context within which it is applied. Medical information is critical for the diagnosing and intervention of patients and therefore the ethical issues presented during its life rhythm are critical. Understanding these issues becomes imperative as such engineerings become permeant. Some of these issues are system-centered, i.e. , related to the built-in jobs of the ML research. However, it is worlds, non systems, who can move as moral agents. This means that it is worlds that can place and cover with ethical issues. Therefore, it is of import to analyze the emerging challenges and ethical issues from a human-centred position by sing the motives and ethical quandary of research workers, developers and medical users of ML methods in medical applications.